This article explains the importance of fair competition in international air transport; presents recent debates and concerns; approaches at International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), regional, bilateral and national levels as well as academic research; and proposes a way forward with a view to achieving a global understanding of the concept and underscore the need for the development of ‘core principles on fair competition’. The core principles, if developed, would facilitate the further liberalization of air transport and maximize the benefits it brings to economic and social development.